Espeon (Pokémon)

← #195: Quagsire	Pokémon	#197: Umbreon →
This article is about the species. For a specific instance of this species, see Espeon (disambiguation).

Espeon エーフィ Eifie #196 Images on the Bulbagarden Archives
Type Psychic Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Abilities Synchronize Cacophony Cacophony Magic Bounce Hidden Ability Cacophony Hidden Ability Cacophony Cacophony
Gender ratio Unknown 87.5% male, 12.5% female	Catch rate 45 (11.9%)
Breeding Egg Group Field Hatch time 36 cycles
Height 2'11″ 0.9 m Espeon 0'0" 0 m {{{form2}}} 0'0" 0 m {{{form3}}} 0'0" 0 m {{{form4}}}	Weight 58.4 lbs. 26.5 kg Espeon 0 lbs. 0 kg {{{form2}}} 0 lbs. 0 kg {{{form3}}} 0 lbs. 0 kg {{{form4}}}
Mega Stone [[|]] [[|]]
Base experience yield 197 Gen. II-IV Unknown IV 184 V+	Leveling rate Medium Fast
EV yield Total: 2 Espeon 0 HP 0 Atk 0 Def 2 Sp.Atk 0 Sp.Def 0 Speed 0 HP 0 Atk 0 Def 0 Sp.Atk 0 Sp.Def 0 Speed 0 HP 0 Atk 0 Def 0 Sp.Atk 0 Sp.Def 0 Speed 0 HP 0 Atk 0 Def 0 Sp.Atk 0 Sp.Def 0 Speed
Shape	Footprint {{{form2}}}
Pokédex color   Purple	Base friendship 70
External Links On Smogon Pokédex: Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation VI Generation VII Generation VIII Generation IX Artwork on Bulbagarden Archives

Espeon (Japanese: エーフィ Eifie) is a Psychic-type Pokémon.

It evolves from Eevee when leveled up with high friendship during the day or morning, or when around a Sun Shard. It is one of Eevee's final forms, the others being Vaporeon, Jolteon, Flareon, Umbreon, Leafeon, Glaceon, and Sylveon.

It is the starter Pokémon in Pokémon Colosseum alongside the other Generation II Eeveelution, Umbreon.

Biology

Espeon is a quadruped, mammalian Pokémon with slender legs and dainty paws. It is covered in fine, lilac fur. This velvety fur is sensitive for Espeon to sense minute shifts in the air, thus allowing it to predict the weather. Its ears are large, and it has purple eyes with white pupils. There are tufts of fur near its eyes, and a small, red gem embedded in its forehead. The gem boosts the psychic powers that it gained to protect its Trainer from harm. It also has a thin, forked tail that quivers when it predicts its opponent's moves. Espeon is rare in the wilderness, and is more commonly found in urban areas.

In the anime

Espeon in the anime

Major appearances

Sakura's Espeon

Sakura's Eevee evolved into Espeon at some point between Trouble's Brewing and Espeon, Not Included.

Other

An Espeon appeared in Pokémon Heroes under the ownership of Annie.

Lilian Meridian owns an Espeon. It was only seen in The Saffron Con to test the stage's lighting effects.

An Espeon was the third and final Pokémon used by Anabel during her rematch against Ash for the Ability Symbol in Second Time's the Charm. The Sun Pokémon was defeated by Ash's Pikachu.

An Espeon appeared in Team Eevee and the Pokémon Rescue Squad!, along with an Eevee and its other evolutions, under the ownership of Virgil.

An Espeon appeared in Eevee & Friends with an Eevee and its other evolutions, including the newly introduced Sylveon.

Minor appearances

An Espeon appeared in Gary's explanation in Johto Photo Finish.

An Espeon appeared in Destiny Deoxys.

In Not On MY Watch ya Don't!, Espeon was one of the Pokémon being hypnotized by Psyduck.

Espeon made a small cameo in the beginning of Giratina and the Sky Warrior together with an Eevee and the other six Eeveelutions.

An Espeon appeared in Hi Ho Silver Wind!.

An Espeon appeared in The Saffron Con as a Pokémon owned by a Coordinator.

An Espeon appeared briefly in May, We Harley Drew'd Ya! under the ownership of an unknown coordinator.

Pokédex entries

Episode Pokémon Source Entry EP226 Espeon Ash's Pokédex Espeon, the Sun Pokémon. Espeon are able to read air currents allowing it to predict the future as well as its opponents' next moves.

Episode Pokémon Source Entry AG170 Espeon May's Pokédex Espeon, the Sun Pokémon. It uses the fine hairs that cover its body to sense air currents and predict an opponent's movement.

Episode Pokémon Source Entry BW102 Espeon Ash's Pokédex Espeon, the Sun Pokémon. It predicts opponent's moves and detects air currents with its body hairs.

In the manga

Espeon in Pokémon Adventures

In the Pokémon Adventures manga

Main article: Vee

Red's genetically-altered Eevee, nicknamed Vee, evolved into Espeon permanently after the battle against Elite Four prior to the events of Volume 9.

In the Pokémon Gold & Silver: The Golden Boys manga

In The Golden Boys, Bill has both an Espeon and its counterpart, Umbreon.

In the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure! manga

Mitsumi has an Espeon which was first seen being used to stop a bomb placed by Team Galactic.

In the TCG

Main article: Espeon (TCG)

Game data

Pokédex entries

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation II.
Generation I Red {{{redbluedex}}} Blue Yellow {{{yellowdex}}} Stadium {{{stadiumdex}}}
Generation II Gold It uses the fine hair that covers its body to sense air currents and predict its enemy's actions. Silver By reading air currents, it can predict things such as the weather or its foe's next move. Crystal The tip of its forked tail quivers when it is predicting its opponent's next move. Stadium 2 It uses the fine hair that covers its body to sense air currents and predict its enemy's actions.
Generation III Ruby Espeon is extremely loyal to any trainer it considers to be worthy. It is said that this Pokémon developed its precognitive powers to protect its trainer from harm. Sapphire {{{sapphiredex}}} Emerald An Espeon is extremely loyal to any trainer it considers to be worthy. It is said to have developed precognitive powers to protect its trainer from harm. FireRed By reading air currents, it can predict things such as the weather or its foe's next move. LeafGreen It uses the fine hair that covers its body to sense air currents and predict its enemy's actions.
Generation IV Diamond Its fur has the look and feel of velvet. The orb on its forehead glows when it uses psycho-power. Pearl {{{pearldex}}} Platinum Its fur is so sensitive, it can sense minute shifts in the air and predict the weather. HeartGold It uses the fine hair that covers its body to sense air currents and predict its enemy's actions. SoulSilver By reading air currents, it can predict things such as the weather or its foe's next move.
Generation V Black Its fur is so sensitive, it can sense minute shifts in the air and predict the weather. White {{{whitedex}}} Black 2 Its fur is so sensitive, it can feel minute shifts in the air and predict the weather...and its foes' thoughts. White 2 {{{white2dex}}}
Generation VI X The tip of its forked tail quivers when it is predicting its opponent's next move. Y Its fur is so sensitive, it can feel minute shifts in the air and predict the weather...and its foes' thoughts.

Game locations

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation II.
Generation II Gold Silver Evolve Eevee Crystal Evolve Eevee
Generation III Ruby Sapphire Trade, Event Emerald Trade, Event FireRed LeafGreen Trade, Event Colosseum Starter Pokémon XD Evolve Eevee
Generation IV Diamond Pearl Evolve Eevee Platinum Evolve Eevee HeartGold SoulSilver Evolve Eevee Pal Park Field
Generation V Black White Evolve Dream World Eevee Black 2 White 2 Evolve Eevee
Generation VI X Y Evolve Eevee

In side games

Game	Location
Pokémon Channel	Mt. Snowfall
Pokémon Trozei!	Secret Storage 20 Mr. Who's Den
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Red/Blue Rescue Team	Evolve from Eevee using a Solar Ribbon
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Time/Darkness	Marine Resort (B1-B19) Shimmer Hill (1F-17F)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Gates to Infinity	Jaws of the Abyss, Smoking Mountain, Cape at the Edge, Magnagate dungeons, Automatically recruited after completing Crags of Lament, Rusty Mountain (Golden Chamber),
Pokémon Ranger	Fiore Temple
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia	Hippowdon Temple
Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs	Old Mansion Dark Temple
Pokémon Rumble Blast	Tower: Frozen Tundra
PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure	Haunted Zone
PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond	Cove Area
Pokémon Conquest	Evolve Eevee

In events

Games	Event	Language/Region	Location	Level	Distribution period
RSEFRLG	Journey Across America Espeon	English	United States	70	February 25 to July 23, 2006
RSEFRLG	Party of the Decade Espeon	English	United States	70	August 8, 2006
	2013 Birthday Espeon	Japanese region	Japan	10	October 12, 2013 to ???, 2014

Pokémon Global Link promotions

Games	Event	Language	Location	Level	Distribution period
	Global Link Espeon	Japanese	PGL	10	October 20, 2010 to January 31, 2011
	Global Link Espeon	Korean	PGL	10	May 18 to August 31, 2011
	Global Link Espeon	English	PGL	10	May 19 to July 19, 2011
	Global Link Espeon	French	PGL	10	May 19 to July 19, 2011
	Global Link Espeon	German	PGL	10	May 19 to July 19, 2011
	Global Link Espeon	Italian	PGL	10	May 19 to July 19, 2011
	Global Link Espeon	Spanish	PGL	10	May 19 to July 19, 2011

Stats

Base stats

Stat		Range
		At Lv. 50	At Lv. 100
HP: 65		125 - 172	240 - 334
Attack: 65		63 - 128	121 - 251
Defense: 60		58 - 123	112 - 240
Sp. Atk: 130		121 - 200	238 - 394
Sp. Def: 95		90 - 161	175 - 317
Speed: 110		103 - 178	202 - 350
Total: 525	Other Pokémon with this total
Minimum stats are calculated with 0 EVs, IVs of 0, and (if applicable) a hindering nature. Maximum stats are calculated with 252 EVs, IVs of 31, and (if applicable) a helpful nature.

Pokéathlon stats

Speed 3/3 ★★★	Power 2/3 ★★☆
Skill 4/5 ★★★★☆	Stamina 2/2 ★★
Jump 3/4 ★★★☆	Total 14/17 ★★☆

Type effectiveness

Under normal battle conditions in Generation IX, this Pokémon is:

Damaged normally by: Normal 1× Fighting ½× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 2× Ghost 2× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic ½× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 2× Fairy 1× None

Weak to: Normal 1× Fighting ½× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 2× Ghost 2× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic ½× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 2× Fairy 1× None

Immune to: Normal 1× Fighting ½× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 2× Ghost 2× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic ½× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 2× Fairy 1× None

Resistant to: Normal 1× Fighting ½× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 2× Ghost 2× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic ½× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 2× Fairy 1× None

Learnset

By leveling up

Generation VI Other generations: II - III - IV - V - VII - VIII - IX

Level   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP   Contest   Appeal   Jamming  00Start Helping Hand Normal Status 0000— ——% 20 Cool 0   0   00Start Tackle Normal Physical 05050 100100% 35 Cool 0   0   00Start Tail Whip Normal Status 0000— 100100% 30 Cool 0   0   055 Sand Attack Ground Status 0000— 100100% 15 Cool 0   0   099 Confusion Psychic Special 05050 100100% 25 Cool 0   0   1313 Quick Attack Normal Physical 04040 100100% 30 Cool 0   0   1717 Swift Normal Special 06060 ——% 20 Cool 0   0   2020 Psybeam Psychic Special 06565 100100% 20 Cool 0   0   2525 Future Sight Psychic Special 120120 100100% 10 Cool 0   0   2929 Psych Up Normal Status 0000— ——% 10 Cool 0   0   3333 Morning Sun Normal Status 0000— ——% 5 Cool 0   0   3737 Psychic Psychic Special 09090 100100% 10 Cool 0   0   4141 Last Resort Normal Physical 140140 100100% 5 Cool 0   0   4545 Power Swap Psychic Status 0000— ——% 10 Cool 0   0

Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Espeon Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Espeon Click on the generation numbers at the top to see level-up moves from other generations

By TM/HM

Generation VI Other generations: II - III - IV - V - VII - VIII - IX

TM   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP   Contest   Appeal   Jamming  TM03 Psyshock Psychic Special 08080 100}}100% 10 TM04 Calm Mind Psychic Status 0000— —}}—% 20 TM06 Toxic Poison Status 0000— 090}}90% 10 TM10 Hidden Power Normal Special 06060 100}}100% 15 TM11 Sunny Day Fire Status 0000— —}}—% 5 TM15 Hyper Beam Normal Special 150150 090}}90% 5 TM16 Light Screen Psychic Status 0000— —}}—% 30 TM17 Protect Normal Status 0000— —}}—% 10 TM18 Rain Dance Water Status 0000— —}}—% 5 TM21 Frustration Normal Physical 0000— 100}}100% 20 TM27 Return Normal Physical 0000— 100}}100% 20 TM28 Dig Ground Physical 08080 100}}100% 10 TM29 Psychic Psychic Special 09090 100}}100% 10 TM30 Shadow Ball Ghost Special 08080 100}}100% 15 TM32 Double Team Normal Status 0000— —}}—% 15 TM33 Reflect Psychic Status 0000— —}}—% 20 TM42 Facade Normal Physical 07070 100}}100% 20 TM44 Rest Psychic Status 0000— —}}—% 10 TM45 Attract Normal Status 0000— 100}}100% 15 TM48 Round Normal Special 06060 100}}100% 15 TM49 Echoed Voice Normal Special 04040 100}}100% 15 TM67 Retaliate Normal Physical 07070 100}}100% 5 TM68 Giga Impact Normal Physical 150150 090}}90% 5 TM70 Flash Normal Status 0000— 100}}100% 20 TM77 Psych Up Normal Status 0000— —}}—% 10 TM85 Dream Eater Psychic Special 100100 100}}100% 15 TM86 Grass Knot Grass Special 0000— 100}}100% 20 TM87 Swagger Normal Status 0000— 090}}90% 15 TM88 Sleep Talk Normal Status 0000— —}}—% 10 TM90 Substitute Normal Status 0000— —}}—% 10 TM92 Trick Room Psychic Status 0000— —}}—% 5 TM99 Dazzling Gleam Fairy Special 08080 100}}100% 10 TM100 Confide Normal Status 0000— —}}—% 20 HM01 Cut Normal Physical 05050 095}}95% 30

Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Espeon Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Espeon Click on the generation numbers at the top to see TM moves from other generations

By breeding

Generation VI Other generations: II - III - IV - V - VII - VIII - IX

Parent   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP   Contest   Appeal   Jamming  Captivate Normal Status — 100% 20 Charm Fairy Status — 100% 20 Covet Normal Physical 60 100% 25 Curse Ghost Status — —% 10 Detect Fighting Status — —% 5 Endure Normal Status — —% 10 Fake Tears Dark Status — 100% 20 Flail Normal Physical — 100% 15 Natural Gift Normal Physical — 100% 15 Stored Power Psychic Special 20 100% 10 Synchronoise Psychic Special 120 100% 15 Tickle Normal Status — 100% 20 Wish* Normal Status — —% 10 Yawn Normal Status — —% 10

Moves marked with an asterisk (*) must be chain bred onto Espeon in Generation VI Moves marked with a double dagger (‡) can only be bred from a Pokémon who learned the move in an earlier generation. Moves marked with a superscript game abbreviation can only be bred onto Espeon in that game. Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Espeon Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Espeon Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Egg moves from other generations

By tutoring

Generation VI Other generations: II - III - IV - V - VII - VIII - IX

Game   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP   Contest   Appeal   Jamming  This Pokémon learns no moves by tutoring.

A black or white abbreviation in a colored box indicates that Espeon can be tutored the move in that game A colored abbreviation in a white box indicates that Espeon cannot be tutored the move in that game Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Espeon Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Espeon Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Move Tutor moves from other generations

By a prior evolution

Generation VI Other generations:
	Growl	Normal	Status	—	100%	40
	Baby-Doll Eyes	Fairy	Status	—	100%	30
	Bite	Dark	Physical	60	100%	25
	Refresh	Normal	Status	—	—%	20
	Covet	Normal	Physical	60	100%	25
	Charm	Fairy	Status	—	100%	20
	Baton Pass	Normal	Status	—	—%	40
	Double-Edge	Normal	Physical	120	100%	15
	Trump Card	Normal	Special	—	—%	5
Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Espeon Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Espeon Click on the generation numbers at the top to see moves from other generations

By events

Generation VI Other generations: II - III - IV - V - VII - VIII - IX

Event   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP   Contest   Appeal   Jamming  2013 Birthday Espeon Celebrate Normal Status — —% 40 Cool 0   0   A superscript level indicates that Espeon can learn this move normally in Generation VI at that level Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Espeon Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Espeon Click on the generation numbers at the top to see event moves from other generations

Side game data

Pokémon Pinball  N/A  Not available		Pokémon Pinball RS  N/A  Not available		Pokémon Trozei!    Rarity: Rare
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Red Rescue Team and Blue Rescue Team File:MDP RT 196.png Body size: 1 Recruit rate: Evolve Friend Area: Transform Forest Phrases 51%-100% HP I sense the movements of foes from the flow of air! 26%-50% HP Trouble... My HP's down by half. 1%-25% HP It might be hopeless... I don't have any strength left... Level up My level went up. My senses grew sharper, too. Partner phrases 51%-100% HP <name>, my HP is between 51% and 100%. 26%-50% HP <name>, my HP is between 26% and 50%. 1%-25% HP <name>, my HP is between 1% and 25%. Level up My level went up. My senses grew sharper, too.
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Time, Explorers of Darkness, and Explorers of Sky Body size: 1 Recruit rate: -12% IQ group: F
Pokémon Ranger Group:  Psychic  Poké Assist: ( Psychic ) Field move: None Loops: 5 Min. exp.: 75 Max. exp.: 89 Browser entry   Espeon attacks with a ray it emits from its glowing red forehead.
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia Group:  Psychic  Poké Assist: ( Psychic ) Field move: (Teleport ×-) Browser entry   It spits eerie orbs of energy to attack. It protects itself with a psychic barrier.
Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs Group: Poké Assist: Field move:  Psychic  ( Psychic ) Past ( Normal ) (Psy Power ×2) Past (Electrify ×1) Browser entry   It lets loose psychic orbs that make Pokémon Paused.
Pokémon Rumble N/A Not Available Defense Speed N/A Not Available Defense Speed			Pokémon Rumble Blast Attack ●●●●● Defense ●●● Speed ●●●● Attack Not Available Defense Speed Attack Not Available Defense Speed Attack Not Available Defense Speed
PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure PokéPark Pad entry: Espeon went to the Haunted Zone so she could play there! Her favorite Attraction is Dusknoir's Speed Slam, but she also enjoys Absol's Hurdle Bounce!
PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond Strong: Weak: PokéPark Pad entry: She parted with the Pokémon she grew up with. They were like her siblings, but now she lives in Cove Town.
Pokémon Conquest HP: ★★★ Move: Psybeam Attack: ★★★★ Ability 1: Mountaineer Defense: ★★★ Ability 2: Instinct Speed: ★★★★ Ability 3: Share Evolves from Eevee when it has a link of 70% or higher and is deployed in Illusio Range: 4 Perfect Links: Hero/Heroine

Evolution

Unevolved Eevee  Normal

Friendship (daytime) →

First Evolution Espeon  Psychic

Sprites

Gen	Game
I	Red	Blue	Yellow		Red (Ja)	Green	Back
	This Pokémon did not appear during Generation I.
II	Gold	Silver	Crystal				Back
III	Ruby	Sapphire	Emerald		FireRed	LeafGreen	Back
IV	Diamond	Pearl	Platinum		HeartGold	SoulSilver	Back
V	Black	White	Black 2	White 2			Back

For other sprites and images, please see Espeon images on Bulbagarden Archives.

Trivia

• Espeon is not obtainable in FireRed and LeafGreen Versions due to the lack of a time system. In order to be obtained and added to the Pokédex in these versions, an Eevee must be traded to Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald Versions, evolved there, and then traded back, or else traded from Pokémon Colosseum or Pokémon XD.
• Espeon shares its species name with Sunflora and Volcarona. They are all known as the Sun Pokémon.

Origin

Espeon appears to be based on legend of the nekomata, also known as bake-neko, which are mysterious, intelligent, fork-tailed goblin cats. It additionally resembles a carbuncle, a Latin-American mythological beast which had a jewel on its forehead. It also has traits of caracals, sphynx cats, lynxes, and fennec foxes.

Name origin

Espeon is a combination of ESP (a branch of psychic abilities) and eon (an immeasurably long period of time, possibly referring to how long evolution takes naturally). Eon is a suffix all Eevee evolutions share and was Eevee's English prototype name.

Eifie is a combination of エスパー esupaa (ESPer, a person with psychic powers) and フィール fiiru (feel), referring to its extraordinary sensory abilities. It is very similar to Eevee, in both writing and sound (イーブイ/エーフィ).

In other languages

Language Title Meaning Japanese エーフィ Eifie From エスパー esper and フィール feel. Also from イーブイ Eievui. French Mentali From mental. Ends with -li like every Eeveelution in French. Spanish Espeon Same as English name German Psiana From Psi. Ends with -a like every Eeveelution in German. Italian Espeon Same as English name Korean 에브이 Aebeui Transliteration of its Japanese name Mandarin Chinese 太陽精靈 / 太阳精灵 Tàiyángjīnglíng Means "Sun spirit". Ends with -精靈 / -精灵 like every Eeveelution in Mandarin. Cantonese Chinese 太陽伊貝 Taaiyèuhngyībui Literally "Sun Eevee". Ends with -伊貝 like every Eeveelution in Cantonese.

More languages

Related articles

• Sakura's Espeon

External links

• Article on Wikipedia

Notes

First partner trios

Kanto

Bulbasaur

Charmander

Squirtle

Johto

Chikorita

Cyndaquil

Totodile

Hoenn

Treecko

Torchic

Mudkip

Sinnoh

Turtwig

Chimchar

Piplup

Unova

Snivy

Tepig

Oshawott

Kalos

Chespin

Fennekin

Froakie

Alola

Rowlet

Litten

Popplio

Galar

Grookey

Scorbunny

Sobble

Paldea

Sprigatito

Fuecoco

Quaxly

See also: List of the player's first Pokémon • Pikachu (Yellow) • Partner Pokémon (LGPE) • Hisui first partner Pokémon

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Pokémon

#197: Umbreon →

This Pokémon article is part of Project Pokédex, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each Pokémon species, as well as Pokémon groups and forms.